Founded: Chartered 1868. Asylum organized 1866
Location: Monument St. and Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD

Images

Hebrew Hospital. Maryland State Archives

Hebrew Hospital and Asylum. Message of Frank Brown, Governor of Maryland, to the General Assembly at its Regular Session, January, 1894 (Baltimore: Wm. J.C. Dullany Company, 1894). Maryland State Archives

Additional Information

• Dates: var. dates
  Notes: The Hebrew Hospital owes its existence to the Hebrew Benevolent Society, which, in March, 1863, appointed a committee to report a plan for the establishment of a hospital. The corner-stone was laid on the 25th of June, 1866, but the “Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association” was not chartered until Jan. 13, 1868, and in May of that year the building, corner of Ann and Monument Streets, was completed, at a cost of sixty-three thousand dollars, and opened for the reception of patients. The object of the association is to “afford surgical and medical aid, comfort, and protection in sickness to the suffering and needy, and to provide an asylum for the infirm and destitute, and for all other purposes appertaining to hospitals, asylums, and dispensaries.” The average number of inmates is between twenty and twenty-five; the hospital will accommodate thirty-two patients. The income is derived from subscriptions, donations, bequests, etc. The officers are Joseph Friedenwald, president from the beginning until the present time; Vice-President, B.F. Ulman; Treasurer, A.S. Adler; Secretary, Ignatius Lauer. The Ladies’ Hebrew Hospital Association, which was formed in 1868, was dissolved on the 7th of Maryland, 1880. It had been largely instrumental in the construction and support of the hospital.
  Source: Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Baltimore City and County, Maryland : 747
• Dates: var. dates
  Notes:

  MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY
  
  ---------------------------
  RECORD
  ---------------------------
  
  Corporate Author
  Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association (Baltimore, Md.)
  
  Title Statement
  History of Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association of Baltimore City,
  1868-1919 : the story of a half century of service and progress.
  
  Published
  [Baltimore, Md. : Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association, 1919]?
  
  Description
  [32 p.] : ill. ; 20 cm.
  
  Title Statement
  History of Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association of Baltimore City,
  1868-1919 : the story of a half century of service and progress.
  
  Source of Acq. Note
  Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland ; gift ; 2003
  
  Subject
  Jewish orphanages --Maryland.
  
  Subject
  Baltimore (Md.) --Charities --Societies, etc.
  
  Subject
  Jews --Maryland.
  Call Number
  PAM 6009
  

• Dates: 1866/02/26
  Notes: Hebrew Orphan Asylum organized
  Source: Quinan, John Russell, Medical Annals of Baltimore from 1608 to 1880, including Events, Men and Literature to which is added a Subject Index and Record of Public Services Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald: 43
• Dates: 1868
  Notes: Description of the inaugural ceremonies for Hebrew Hospital and Asylum. See: “Local Matters” Sun May 25, 1868
• Dates: 1894
  Notes:THE HEBREW HOSPITAL AND ASYLUM ASSOCIATION OF BALTIMORE CITY.This association was organized in 1865, and is situated on the corner of Monument and Ann streets, Baltimore. The total cost of the property was $115,000. It is a large, substantial building, with first-class accommodations for the aged sick. This institution does not discriminate as to nationality or creed, but provides alike for the Jew and Gentile. The equipment of the building is admirable and facilities complete. The Board of Managers is very active and efficient. And it is very fortunate for the inmates that they have so comfortable a home. Provision has been made since the organization of the institution for 780 persons. The capacity of the building is seventy-six. It has had a daily average of twenty persons for twenty years or more. It is principally assisted by contributions from charitable Hebrews of Baltimore, and receives small contributions from the city of Baltimore, and an annual appropriation of $2,500 was made by the State of Maryland at the session of 1892.Source: , Message of Frank Brown, Governor of Maryland, to the General Assembly at its Regular Session, January, 1894 Baltimore: Wm. J.C. Dullany Company: 80
• Dates: 1901
  Notes: (1868), Monument and Ann Sts. Object.–Surgical and medical service and care to needy sick persons and a permanent home for the infirm and destitute. Non-sectarian. Admission.– Apply to physician in charge for a certificate to the directors. Free to residents of Maryland, who are unable to pay board. Management. — Under the Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association. (1900) 286 patients received, inmates of Home 34. Income. — (Of the Association) $22,892.29; disbursements, $22,424.49. Income derived from subscriptions, interest on endowment and State appropriation (1901), $2500.
  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: : 55-56
• Dates: 1920
  Notes: Amounts appropriated for state-aided institutions, from the Maryland Manual, 1921-1922.
• Dates: 1928
  Notes: See also: “Baltimore in Pictures” Baltimore News Feb. 16, 1928

Bibliography

Founded: Established 1898; incorporated 1901
Location: Northwest corner Calhoun and Fayette Streets, Baltimore, MD

Images

Franklin Square Hospital, Northwest Corner Calhoun and Fayette Streets, Baltimore, Md.. Private collection.

Additional Information

• Dates: 1901
  Notes: (Incor. 1901), outgrowth of former National Temperance Hospital of Baltimore (Incor. 1898), northwest cor. Calhoun and Fayette Sts. A general hospital for both private and free patients. There are 16 beds; board, $5 to $20 a week. Free patients must be approved by hospital committee. Dispensary attached. Treatment given to sick and injured of Maryland; free treatment, on condition that classes of Maryland Medical College may attend. The name means that cases are treated with as little use of alcoholic stimulants as possible. Management.–Under the faculty of the Maryland Medical College. Receives State appropriation (1901) $1000. Capacity, 75 beds.
  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: : 51-52
• Dates: 1920
  Notes: Amounts appropriated for state-aided institutions, from the Maryland Manual, 1921-1922.
• Dates: 1957
  Notes: The Franklin Square Hospital has purchased a 41 1/2-acre site in Baltimore county for a proposed modern general hospital of approximately 300 beds….
  See: “Franklin Square Hospital Buys Site in County” Evening Sun (Baltimore) Dec. 12, 1957
• Dates: 1964
  Notes: Franklin Square Hospital will move to eastern Baltimore County soon to serve 165,000 people in Dundalk, Essex and Middle River area….
  See: “Hospital Will Relocated in E. County Area” News American Apr. 19, 1964
  See also: “Hospital Begins Fresh Life” News American Mar. 13, 1966
• Dates: 1987
  Notes: In a move designed to preserve their strength in the competitive Baltimore hospital market, Franklin Square Hospital Center and Union Memorial Hospital announced yesterday they are merging to form a new company called the Heliz Health System….See: “2 hospitals join forces in merger” Sun (Baltimore) Sep. 16, 1987

Location: Baltimore, MD

Images

Union Memorial Hospital – interior views. Hughes Studio Photograph Collection, PP 30. Maryland Historical Society	Union Memorial Hospital – interior views. Hughes Studio Photograph Collection, PP 30. Maryland Historical Society
Union Memorial Hospital [showing the Margaret Price Johnson Memorial Unit].	Johnston Hospital
Bauernschmidt Memorial	Guild Shop
Canteen	Library
Reception room	Garden
Union Memorial Hospital – canteen. Hughes Studio Photograph Collection, PP 30, Box 10, Folder 65. Maryland Historical Society	Union Memorial Hospital – volunteer nurses. Hughes Studio Photograph Collection, PP 30, Box 10, Folder 65. Maryland Historical Society
The Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Md. Private collection.	Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Md. Private Collection.

Additional Information

• Dates: 1987
  Notes: In a move designed to preserve their strength in the competitive Baltimore hospital market, Franklin Square Hospital Center and Union Memorial Hospital announced yesterday they are merging to form a new company called the Heliz Health System….
  See: “2 hospitals join forces in merger” Sun (Baltimore) Sep. 16, 1987

Bibliography

Founded: Opened 1890
Location: Northwest corner of Calvert and Saratoga Streets, Baltimore, MD

Images

“A Glance at the Hospital”. Baltimore American, September 1, 1889.

Baltimore, Md., City Hospital and College of Physicians and Surgeons. Private collection.

Additional Information

• Dates: 1877-1883
  Notes: Is under control of College of Physicians and Surgeons since 1877….
  There are 25 Free Beds in the Hosp., and a Dispensary attached to it, where, from March 14, 1882, to March, 1883, the total number of visits made by out patients was 10,401.
  Source: Quinan, John Russell, Medical Annals of Baltimore from 1608 to 1880, including Events, Men and Literature to which is added a Subject Index and Record of Public Services Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald: 256
• Dates: 1889/09/01
  Notes: SEE IMAGEIT IS A FINE HOSPITAL
  THE NEW STRUCTURE OF NORTH CALVERT STREETIt is Now Nearly Complete and Will be Opened in a Few Weeks — A Bazaar to Be Held for Its Benefit. Rooms for Private Patients — Plan of the Building

  The new City Hospital, or Hospital of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, on the corner of Calvert and Saratoga streets, is fast approaching completion. It will be in charge of the Sisters of Mercy, with Mother Superior Mary Benedicta at the head. Mr. E.F. Baldwin is the architect. Henry Smith & Sons are the general contractors. The plumbing and gas fixtures are being put in by George Walther. The style of architecture is Romanesque. The new building fronts 114 feet 4 1/2 inches on Calvert street, and is 108 feet deep. In the center is a light-well or court yard 85 feet by 25 feet in dimensions. The building is of sand brick, laid in black mortar, with Seneca brownstone trimmings. It is five stories high, with an attic, and is entered by a massive archway twelve feet wide and twelve feet high. The center on Calvert street is carried up with an extension and gable in front. The total height to the front gable is 100 feet. The side height of the building is 80 feet. On Calvert street are thirty-seven windows, which afford ample light. The roof is of slate. From the first floor two fine stairways lead to the third floor, and from that floor three stairways lead to the upper floors.

  The depth of the cellar is eight feet. The height of the first, second, third and fourth floors is for each 18 feet 6 inches through. The fifth floor is 13 feet high. The attic space is nine feet high. The cellar is used for coal and other supplies. The attic is used for storage. The first floor contains parlors, dining rooms, private offices, a physician’s consultation room, a kitchen, laundry, boiler room and a boiler supply house. It has on it a mortuary chapel and a waiting room, also store rooms, pantries and lavatories. On this floor is a central corridor and a main hall, in which is located the ornamental stairway of quartered oak. The corridor and halls are tiled with marble. In the corridor are ornamental plaster caps to the pilasters. An elevator runs to the fifth floor, eight by five feet in size, so as to have ample room to move patients on their cots. On the second floor are located fifteen bed chambers for private patients, also a public ward 67 by 25 feet in dimensions, also a dining room, the nurses quarters, bath room, water-closets and a clothing room.

  The third floor is a repetition of the second floor, except that here start the three flights of stairs leading to the fifth story.

  On the fourth floor is located a neat chapel, 48 feet long by 21 feet wide, with an alcove on each side, which makes the total width 45 feet. The front portion of this floor is devoted to the sisters in charge of the hospital, including chambers, community rooms, bath rooms, linen rooms and sacristy. On this floor are two public wards. One is 34 by 21 feet, and the other is 67 by 25 feet in dimensions. It has also general bath rooms and other appliances.

  One the fifth floor are eighteen private chambers, and a public ward thirty-four by twenty-one feet in size, pantries, lavatories and nurses’ quarters.

  The interior of the first three floors is finished in quartered oak. The walls and ceilings are sand-finished. The upper floors are finished in natural cypress. There is some fine frieze work in the corridors and chapels. The gas fixtures are of the latest designs.

  To insure a firm foundation in the sandy soil on which the new hospital is located, the foundation walls were laid in Portland cement.

  This hospital will be supplied with all the latest appliances of the best modern hospitals, including heating, plumbing, laundry fixtures, with a thorough system of ventilation by two large shafts. Every room has a ventilator in it. It is connected with the old College of Physicians and Surgeons by a flight of stairs running from each story of the old building, so arranged that patients can be carried from the wards to the operating rooms without being disturbed in the least in moving. The total cost is over $150,000. Henry Smith & Sons’ contract is about $75,000.

  The Sisters of Mercy in charge and the professors of the college are busy completing arrangements for a grand bazar, to be held shortly, for the benefit of the hospital. They hope to be ready to hold the opening at or near the 1st of October.

  Source: Baltimore American (Baltimore), 1889/09/01

• Dates: 1894
  Notes: THE BALTIMORE CITY HOSPITAL, is situated on North Calvert street, Baltimore. It was erected in 1889 through the efforts of the Sisters of Mercy, a duly incorporated body under the laws of Maryland. It is situated on ground leased from the city of Baltimore at an annual rental of $1,000; the cost of the building being $150,000. The hospital, although under the management of the Sisters of Mercy, is conducted absolutely upon a non-sectarian plan, and is accessible to all persons within the State, without regard to nationality, creed or color. It has accommodations for 250 inmates. There is an annex building for colored patients, which is under the management of colored physicians ans surgeons. Nearly every county in the State has taken advantage of the privilege of sending patients to this institution, and the institution itself has become a necessity indispensable to the city of Baltimore and the State. The State appropriated the sum of $5,000 per annum, with the proviso that the institution shall furnish annually one bed, maintenance and treatment for one patient at a time from each of the senatorial districts of the State of Maryland. It would seem that the State gets value received from the appropriations made in behalf of this institution, which is one of the most complete of its kind in the country.
  Source: Message of Frank Brown, Governor of Maryland, to the General Assembly at its Regular Session, January, 1894 Baltimore: Wm. J.C. Dullany Company: 83
• Dates: 1900/01
  Notes: “In a Field Hospital” In: Journal of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore Jan. 1900: 113-116.
• Dates: 1900/01
  Notes: “City Hospital Operating-Room” In: Journal of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore Jan. 1900: 126-127
• Dates: 1901
  Notes: Has an obstetrical department
  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: : 49
• Dates: 1901
  Notes: BALTIMORE CITY HOSPITAL (Opened 1889), Calvert and Saratoga Sts. C&P telephone, St. Paul 1865; Maryland telephone, Courtland 614. Under medical care of College of Physicans and Surgeons; controlled by the Sisters of Mercy. Object.–For the indigent sick of the State of Maryland. A Dispensary and Training School for Nurses (organ. 1899) attached. There are 350 beds. Ward rates for pay patients, $5 per week; private rooms, $10 to $20 per week. has an ambulance to convey sick persons to the hospital. State appropriation (1901) $9000, giving a free bed for each senatorial district. Used at present by the Supervisors of City Charities for a limited number of city patients. Visitors admitted to wards between 2 and 4 p.m. daily.Built by the Sisters of Mercy (for 16 years at the old City Hospital); land (the “Old City Spring” lot) leased from the city. New building for colored patients erected about 1891; an additional story added to hospital, 1899. Total cost about $200,000, of which $165,000 has been paid.
  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: 54
• Dates: 1901
  Notes: The following hospitals have ambulances for the conveyance of sick persons to the hospital named in the title:The City Hospital, Calvert and Saratoga Sts.
  Johns Hopkins Hospital, Broadway and McElderry St.
  The Maryland General Hospital, Linden Ave. and Madison St.
  The Maryland University Hospital, Greene and Lombard Sts.
  St. Joseph’s Hospital, Caroline and Hoffman Sts.
  The Health Department, City Hall Annex, has a ambulance to convey cases of contagious disease to the Quarantine Hospital.
  The Supervisors of City Charities have contracted with the following hospitals for the conveyance of city patients: Maryland General, Maryland University, City Hospital, St. Joseph’s, and Homeopathic.
  United States Marine Hospital Service has an ambulance which conveys sick sailors to the hospital. Charitable Organization Society. Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore Together with Legal Suggestions, etc. (Baltimore: 1901): 46.

  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: : 46

Founded: Church Home (in 1855) and Infirmary (in 1856) incorporated
Location: Broadway and Fairmount Avenue, Baltimore, MD

Images

Stereo View – Baltimore Hospital – Church Home on Broadway Boulevard – Accession Number 60663 PP1 (Z24.1029). Photograph Collections Cross-Section. Maryland Historical Society	Church Home & Infirmary, Baltimore, Md. Private collection.
Broadway Boulevard, Church Home Hospital terrace. Stereoview Collection, PP1. Maryland Historical Society	Broadway Boulevard, with Church Home Hospital in background. Stereoview Collection, PP1. Maryland Historical Society

Additional Information

• Dates:
  Notes: Under the Protestant Episcopal Church. Managed by Board of Trustees. Clergyment of the Diocese of Maryland and Easton are received without pay in case of sickness.
• Dates: 1854
  Notes: Church Home (corner Broadway) organized.
  Source: Quinan, John Russell, Medical Annals of Baltimore from 1608 to 1880, including Events, Men and Literature to which is added a Subject Index and Record of Public Services Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald: 40
• Dates: 1855
  Notes: Church Home and (in 1856) Infirmary incorporated
  Source: Quinan, John Russell, Medical Annals of Baltimore from 1608 to 1880, including Events, Men and Literature to which is added a Subject Index and Record of Public Services Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald: 40
• Dates: 1928
  Notes: See: “Baltimore in Pictures” Baltimore News (Baltimore) Feb. 28, 1928
• Dates: 1957
  Notes: See also: “Church Home” Sun Dec. 29, 1957
• Dates: 1958
  Notes: See also: “Church Home, Hospital Open for a Century” Evening Sun Sep. 29, 1958
• Dates: 1976
  Notes: See also: “Church Home rejects the suburbs” Sun (Baltimore) Apr. 30, 1976
• Dates: 1979
  Notes: See also: “Hospice for the dying: Church Hospital prepares patients, family for death at home” Sun (Baltimore) Jan. 17, 1979
• Dates: 1982
  Notes: See also: “Church Hospital at 125” Evening Sun Dec. 2, 1982
• Dates: 2008
  Notes: Stained glass window formerly at Church Home Hospital is moved to Good Samaritan Hospital.
  Source: Giving Spirit: The Newsletter of the Good Samaritan Hospital Foundation, Winter 2008 (Vol. 3, No. 3)

Bibliography

Founded: 1853
Location: Baltimore, MD

Additional Information

• Dates: 1853
  Notes: Sheppard Insane Asylum founded and endowed with $500,000.
  Source: Cordell, Eugene Fauntleroy, Medical Annals of Maryland 1799-1899 Baltimore: The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty for the State of Maryland: 703
• Dates: 1853
  Notes: Shepherd Insane Asylum founded and endowed with $560,000.
  Source: Quinan, John Russell, Medical Annals of Baltimore from 1608 to 1880, including Events, Men and Literature to which is added a Subject Index and Record of Public Services Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald: 40

Founded: 1866
Location: Baltimore, MD

Images

Baltimore – Asylums – Bayview Asylum – 1870. Peale Catalog H196.1 PP1.1 (Z24.1825). Photograph Collections Cross-Section. Maryland Historical Society	Bayview Asylum. Stereoview Collection, PP1. Maryland Historical Society
Bay View Asylum – ca. 1900 PP71.7 (Z24.1378). Photograph Collections Cross-Section. Maryland Historical Society	Bay View Asylum. Henry Rinn Collection, PP71. Maryland Historical Society
Bayview Asylum – Lithograph print (Z24.1762). Photograph Collections Cross-Section. Maryland Historical Society

Additional Information

• Dates: 1866
  Notes: Bay View Asylum occupied (cost $500,000l the old Almshouse property as Calverton sold for $341,000).
  Source: Quinan, John Russell, Medical Annals of Baltimore from 1608 to 1880, including Events, Men and Literature to which is added a Subject Index and Record of Public Services Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald: 43
• Dates: 1877
  Notes: The Bayview Hospital, at Baltimore, is a magnificent establishment, erected by the city. We have been unable to obtain any information in regard to this institution, the Washington University Hospital, or the Maryland Eye and Ear Institute of Baltimore.
  Source: Butler, Samuel, The Medical Register and Directory of the United States…. Philadelphia: Office of the Medical Examiner and Surgical Reporter: 315
• Dates: 1885-1886
  Notes: BAY VIEW ASYLUM AND HOSPITAL. This large and extensive charity, belonging to the City of Baltimore, is now accessible to allMedical Students, free of charge; and it offers advantages for studying and seeing almost every form and variety of disease and accident that can be found anywhere. With its 1,000 beds it is more convenient in distance to the Baltimore University than to any other college in the city; and the cars going thither pass the doors of the College.
  Source: Baltimore University, Annual Announcement and Catalogue of the Baltimore University School of Medicine Baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald: 3-4
• Dates: 1892-1893
  Notes: Bay View Asylum and Hospital. This large and expensive charity, belonging to the City of Baltimore, is now accessible to all Medical Students, free of charge, and it offers advantages for studying and seeing almost every form and variety of disease and accident.It is situated on the eastern suburbs of Baltimore, and contains 1,000 beds, exclusive of 250 in the Insane Department.Regular clinics are given during the winter and spring sessions by the visiting staff. The amphitheaters are well lighted and comfortable, and the very large amount of clinical material affords unusual opportunities for practical teaching.

  The number of deaths occurring in an institution of this size affords the fullest opportunity for witnessing post-mortem examinations and the study of pathological phenomena.

  Source: Second Annual Annoucement of the Southern Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, session of 1891-2 Baltimore: Press of Thomas & Evans: 10

• Dates: 1901
  Notes: Bay View Asylum has an ambulance for emergency cases. Used especially in cases of old age, when patients are suffering from paralysis or other disability and are not able to got to Bay View in a street car.
  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: : 45
• Dates: 1901
  Notes: Receives consumptive patients.
  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: 51
• Dates: 1901
  Notes: Has an ambulance to convey emergency cases to the Asylum. Applications for admission should be made to the Bay View Office, City Hall Annex, Gay St. near Lexington; telephones, C&P, St. Paul 3242-m; Md., City Hall, 35.
  Source: Charity Organization Society, Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Baltimore together with Legal Suggestions, Etc. Baltimore: 55

Founded: by 1781
Location: Baltimore, MD

Additional Information

• Dates: 1781
  Notes: Military Hospital at Baltimore under charge of Dr. Wiesenthal.
  Source: Cordell, Eugene Fauntleroy, Medical Annals of Maryland 1799-1899 Baltimore: The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty for the State of Maryland: 660

Location: Baltimore, MD

Additional Information

• Dates: 1873
  Notes: Mr. Thomas Kelso, a native of Ireland, but for eighty-two years a citizen of Baltimore, has been long known in our city as a benevolent and philanthropic gentleman. His many donations to charitable purposes, and the princely aid he has given to churches would of themselves entitle him to special notice. Age has not dimmed that spark of humanity which shone with such lustre in days of yore, nor has experience tempered its brightness. Eighty-nine years of life have but intensified his love for his fellow beings. Within a few weeks he has purchased a house and lot for a Methodist Episcopal Orphan Asylum, and has endowed it with one hundred thousand dollars. Thus in the evening of his days he is enabled to contemplate the practical workings of his many charities, and to behold this crowning memorial which will number him among the benefactors of mankind.
  Source: Howard, George, The Monumental City, its Past History and Present Resources Baltimore: J.D. Ehlers & Co: 51